bread, loaf

The Greek term that is translated in English as “bread” or “loaf” is translated in Samo, it is translated as “Sago,” which serves “like ‘bread’ for the Hebrews, as a generic for food in the Samo language. It is a near-perfect metonymy that has all the semantic elements necessary for effective communication.” (Source: Daniel Shaw in Scriptura 96/2007, p. 501ff.)

In Chol it is translated as waj, the equivalent of a tortilla. (Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight)

John Beekman (in The Bible Translator 1962, p. 180f. ) explains: “The word ‘bread’ in Scripture primarily occurs as either a specific term for bread (including the Lord’s Supper), or as a generic term for food. It is not surprising, however, the some aboriginal groups use something other than bread as the staff of life. The Chols, with their cultural focus in the cultivation of corn, use waj, a type of thin corn flake. Since a meal is not complete without this main item of food, the term has been extended to include any other foods which may be served along with waj. While bread is known to them, its use is limited to a few occasions during the year when it functions as a dessert. In translating this term in the Chol New Testament, consistent use has been made of the word waj whenever the function of bread as a basic food was in focus. John 6:35, “I am the bread of life,” was thus translated with this word. If the word for bread had been used, it was feared that the Chol would compare Christ to the desirable, but not absolutely necessary, dessert.”

Robert Bascom adds his thoughts to this in relation to other Mayan languages (in Omanson 2001, p. 260): “In many Mayan languages, ‘bread’ can be translated waj or kaxlan waj. The first term literally means anything made from corn meal, while the second term literally means ‘foreigner’s waj,’ and refers to the local wheat-based sweet breads which are so popular within the broader European-influenced culture of the region. On the one hand, waj would be a better dynamic equivalent in cases where ‘bread’ meant ‘food,’ but in cases where the focus is literal or the reference well-known, kaxlan waj would preserve a flour-based meaning (though in biblical times barley was more in use than wheat) and not insert corn into a time and place where it does not belong. On the other hand kaxlan waj is not the staff of life, but refers to a local delicacy. In cases such as these, it is even tempting to suggest borrowing pan, the Spanish word for ‘bread,’ but native speakers might respond that borrowing a foreign word is not necessary since both waj and kaxlan waj are native terms that cover the meaning (though in this case, perhaps not all that well).”

In Mairasi it is translated bread tubers. Tubers are the main food staple and are therefore synonymous with food. (Source: Enggavoter 2004). In Yagaria, Kâteand Yabem it is translated as “taro cake.” (Source: Renck, p. 101)

ask / inquire (Japanese honorifics)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between. One way to do this is through the usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017.

The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “ask” in English is translated in the Shinkaiyaku Bible as o-tazune (お尋ね), combining “inquire” (tazune) with the respectful prefix o-. (Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also ask / request (Japanese honorifics) and humble form of “ask” (ukagau).

Mark 8:1 - 10a in Mexican Sign Language

Following is the translation of Mark 8:1-10a into Mexican Sign Language with back-translations into Spanish and English underneath:


© La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios

Retrotraducciones en español (haga clic o pulse aquí)

Un hombre sordo que no hablaba bien, las personas lo ayudaron (y lo dijeron que) vieniera con ellos. Fueron y dijeron a Jesús: “Él es sordo, por favor, ponle la mano y sanalo.”
Jesús vio a todas las personas y dijo a los discípulos: “Todas las personas ya han estado junto con nosotros por tres días, ellos no tienen comida, se ha acabado.

Sus casas, donde viven, están lejos, y si nos despedimos de ellos, se irán caminando y se caerán por ser mareados de hambre, siento dolor por los pobrecitos.”

Los discípulos dijeron: “Aqui es desierto, no hay comida, ¿Cómo y dónde vamos a encontrar pan para repartir?”

Jesús dijo: “¿Cuánto pan hay?” Los discípulos: “Hay siete panes.”

Jesús dijo a las personas: “Por favor, sientense.” Jesús tomó pan, dio gracias a Dios, rompió el pan y lo puso en una canasta, rompía y lo ponía hasta que se llenó la canasta, y la dio a los discípulos. Ellos la tomaron y lo repartían.

Había unos peces pequeños, muy poquito, y Jesús los bendijo y había un montón. Les dio la canasta (a los discípulos): “Uds repartanlos.” Los discípulos tomaron la canasta y los repartían.

Todas las personas, eran más o menos 4000, estaban comiendo hasta que se llenaron y los discípulos pusieron los peces y el pan que sobró en canastas. Cuando se llenó una canasta la pusieron aparte, tomaron otra canasta y la llenaron y fueron siete canastas de sobras.

Jesús se despidió de ellos y Jesús y los discípulos fueron y entraron un barco y el barco fue navigando.


Jesus looked around at all the people and said to the disciples: “All these people have been with us for three days and they have no food, it’s all gone.

“The houses in which they live are far away and if we say goodbye to them they will go walking and they will fall over being dizzy from hunger, I feel sorry for these poor people.”

The disciples said: “It’s desert here, there is no food. How and where are we going to find bread to hand out?”

Jesus said: “How much bread is there?” The disciples: “There are seven loaves.”

Jesus said to the people: “Please, sit down.” Jesus took bread and gave thanks to God, then he broke the bread and put it in a basket, he kept breaking and putting it there until it was full, then he gave the basket to the disciples and they took it and handed it out.

There were some small fishes, a few, and Jesus blessed them and there was a heap. He gave the basket (to the disciples): “You hand them out.” The disciples took the basket and handed them out.

All the people, there were more or less 4000, ate until they were full and the disciples put the fishes and the bread that were left over in baskets. When a basket was full, they would put it aside and take another one and fill it, and there were seven baskets of leftovers.

Jesus said goodbye and Jesus and the disciples went and got into a boat and the boat left.

Source: La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios

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Mark 8:10b-21 in Mexican Sign Language >>

Mark 8:1-10 in Russian Sign Language

Following is the translation of Mark 8:1-10 into Russian Sign Language with a back-translation underneath:


Source: Russian Bible Society / Российское Библейское Общество

Many people had gathered to listen to Jesus. Jesus was teaching the people. But the people did not have any food with them. Jesus said to his disciples:

— I feel sorry for these people! They have been here with me for three days, but they have no food. If I let the people go hungry, some will become weak on the long journey.

The disciples began to say:

— It’s a desert here! Where are we going to get so much bread to feed such a crowd? We won’t be able to.

Jesus said:

— Maybe some of you have some bread. Look and see if you can find some. The disciples looked and found seven loaves.

Jesus asked all the people to sit down on the ground. He took the bread in his hands and began to pray to God by saying, “Thank you, God!” Then he broke the loaves and gave them to the disciples to distribute to the people. And the disciples went to distribute the bread to the people. There were also a few fish.

Jesus took the fish, looked up to heaven, said the prayer, “Thank you, God” and gave the disciples to distribute the fish to all the people.

There were about four thousand people in all who ate and had enough to eat.

Jesus said to the disciples:

— Gather the leftover pieces of food into baskets.

The disciples went to gather the leftovers, and there were seven baskets full of leftovers. When the people had eaten, Jesus let the people go, and he and his disciples got on a boat and sailed to the region of Dalmanutha.

Original Russian back-translation (click or tap here):

Собралось множество людей, чтобы послушать Иисуса. Иисус учил народ. Но у людей не было с собой еды. Иисус сказал своим ученикам:

— Мне жаль этих людей! Они уже со мной тут три дня, но у них нет еды. Если я отпущу народ голодным, кто-то ослабеет в дальней дороге.

Ученики стали говорить:

— Тут пустыня! Где мы возьмем столько хлеба, чтобы накормить такую толпу? Мы не сможем.

Иисус сказал:

— Может быть, у кого-то из вас есть хлеб. Посмотрите, поищите. Ученики поискали и нашли семь хлебов.

Иисус попросил весь народ сесть на землю. Он взял хлеб в руки и стал молиться Богу со словами «Благодарю тебя, Боже!» Затем он разломил хлеба и дал ученикам, чтобы они раздали народу. И ученики пошли раздавать народу хлеб. Также было еще несколько рыб.

Иисус взял рыбу, посмотрел на небо, произнес молитву «Благодарю тебя, Боже…» и дал ученикам, чтобы те раздали рыбу все людям.

Всего людей, которые ели и наелись досыта, было около четырех тысяч.

Иисус сказал ученикам:

— Соберите оставшиеся куски еды в корзины.

Ученики пошли собирать остатки еды, и остатков набралось полных семь корзин. Когда народ наелся, Иисус отпустил людей, а сам с учениками сел на лодку и поплыл область Далманута.

Back-translation by Luka Manevich

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Mark 8:11-13 in Russian Sign Language >>

complete verse (Mark 8:5)

Following are a number of back-translations of Mark 8:5:

  • Uma: “He asked them: ‘How much bread to you have?’ They said to him: ‘Seven.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “So-then Isa asked them, ‘How many loaves/pieces of bread have you there?’ They said, ‘Seven.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And Jesus said, ‘How much bread do you have?’ And they said, ‘Seven pieces.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “‘How many breads do you have?’ inquired Jesus. ‘Seven,’ they said.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “‘Well how many units of bread do you have there?’ said Jesus to them. ‘Lord,’ they said, ‘only seven units is all there is.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)

formal pronoun: Jesus addressing his disciples and common people

Like many languages (but unlike Greek or Hebrew or English), Tuvan uses a formal vs. informal 2nd person pronoun (a familiar vs. a respectful “you”). Unlike other languages that have this feature, however, the translators of the Tuvan Bible have attempted to be very consistent in using the different forms of address in every case a 2nd person pronoun has to be used in the translation of the biblical text.

As Voinov shows in Pronominal Theology in Translating the Gospels (in: The Bible Translator 2002, p. 210ff. ), the choice to use either of the pronouns many times involved theological judgment. While the formal pronoun can signal personal distance or a social/power distance between the speaker and addressee, the informal pronoun can indicate familiarity or social/power equality between speaker and addressee.

Here, Jesus is addressing his disciples, individuals and/or crowds with the formal pronoun, showing respect.

In most Dutch translations, Jesus addresses his disciples and common people with the informal pronoun, whereas they address him with the formal form.

Translation commentary on Mark 8:5

Exegesis:

ērōta (cf. 4.10) ‘he asked,’ ‘he inquired.’

posous (cf. 6.38) ‘how many?’

Translation:

Loaves may require expansion to ‘loaves of bread.’

They said may be translated as ‘they replied.’

The elliptical elements implied in the reply ‘seven’ may need some expansion in certain languages, e.g. ‘we have seven loaves of bread,’ ‘we have seven loaves’ or simply ‘seven loaves,’ for in a number of languages numerals must always be used with the nouns they modify or with some classifier of the noun class to which such objects belong.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on the Gospel of Mark. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1961. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .