cross

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The Greek that is translated as “cross” in English is often referred to a visualization of the cross’ shape. In Mandarin Chinese and Japanese, for instance, it is translated as 十字架 (Chinese: shízìjià; Japanese: jūjika) — “10-character-frame” because the character for “10” has the shape of a cross) or in Ancient Greek manuscripts with the staurogram (⳨) a ligature of the Greek letters tau (Τ) and rho (Ρ) that was used to abbreviate stauros (σταυρός), the Greek word for cross, and may visually have represented Jesus on the cross.

A staurogram spelling of the word σταυρον (as Ϲ⳨ΟΝ) in Luke 14:27 (Papyrus Bodmer XIV, 2nd century). Source: Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

 

Elsewhere it refers to the function, e.g. a newly coined term, like one made up of two Sanskrit words meaning “killing-pole” (Marathi NT revision of 1964), “wood to-stretch-out-with” (Toraja-Sa’dan), or “nailing pole” (Zarma). A combination of the two seems to be used in Balinese, which employs a word for the crossbeams in a house, derived from a verb that can refer both to a beam that stretches from side to side under a roof, and to a person stretched out for torture (source for this and above: Reiling / Swellengrebel). Similarly, in Lamba it is translated “with umutaliko — ‘a pole with a cross-piece, on which maize was normally tied’ from the verb ‘talika’ which, strangely enough, is used of ‘holding down a man with arms and legs stretched out, someone gripping each limb.'” (Source C. M. Doke in The Bible Translator 1958, p. 57ff. ).

“In Mongolian, the term that is used is togonoltchi mott, which is found in the top of a tent. The people on the steppes live in round felt-yurts and the round opening on the top of the tent serves as a window. The crosswood in that opening is called togonoltchi mott. ‘Crucified’ is translated ‘nailed on the crosswood.’ This term is very simple, but deep and interesting too. Light comes to men through the Cross. What a privilege to be able to proclaim such a message.” (Source: A. W. Marthinson in The Bible Translator 1954, p. 74ff. )

In Mairasi it is translated as iwo nasin ae: “chest measurement wood.” “This term refers to the process of making a coffin when a person dies. The man making the coffin takes a piece of bamboo and measures the body from head to heel. He then breaks the stick off at the appropriate point. For the width he measures the shoulders and then ties the two sticks together in the shape of a cross. As he works, he continually measures to make sure the coffin is the correct size. At the gravesite, the coffin is lowered. Then the gravecloth, palm leaves, and finally the chest measurement stick are laid on top of the coffin before the dirt is piled on. This term is full of meaning, because it is in the shape of a cross, and each person will have one. The meaning is vividly associated with death.” (Source: Enggavoter, 2004)

In Lisu it is translated as ꓡꓯꓼ ꓐꓳ ꓔꓶꓸ DU — lä bo tɯ du: “a place to stretch the arms across” (source: Arrington 2020, p. 215), in Noongar as boorn-yambo: “crossed tree” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang), in Yagaria as malipu yava or “cross-wood,” Alekano as “cross-wise tree,” in Kuman (PNG) as endi pirake or “vertical and horizontal beam” (source for this and two above: Renck 1990, p. 81), and in Tibetan as rgyangs shing (རྒྱངས་​ཤིང་​།), lit. “stretch + wood” (“translators have adopted the name of this traditional Tibetan instrument of torture to denote the object on which Jesus died”) (source: gSungrab website ).

The English translation of Ruden (2021) uses “stake.” She explains (p. xlv): “The cross was the perpendicular joining of two execution stakes, and the English word euphemistically emphasized the geometry: a cross could also be an abstract cross drawn on paper. The Greeks used their word for ‘stake,’ and this carries the imagery of what was done with it, as our ‘stake’ carries images of burning and impaling. ‘Hang on the stakes’ for ‘crucify’ is my habitual usage.”

See also crucify, cross (carry), and this devotion on YouVersion .

complete verse (Philippians 3:18)

Following are a number of back-translations of Philippians 3:18:

  • Uma: “Because like I have often said to you–and I also say now while weeping–there are many people whose deeds are evil. With those deeds of theirs, they reject the intention of Kristus dying crucified.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “I have often told you this before, and now I tell you again and it causes me to weep that many people say that they belong to Isa but one can see in their conduct that they oppose the teaching about Almasi’s death on the post.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “I said this before, but I will say again now, along with my tears which are dropping, because of the many people who are subjects of Christ, but we can tell by means of their behavior that they are enemies of the preaching about Christ causing himself to be killed on the cross.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Because there are many who are opposing Cristo, because they look-down-on/make-light-of his death on the cross by-means-of their bad way-of-life. I have often told you this before, but I repeat it nonetheless now while-meanwhile my tears are dripping-down in thinking-about them.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “For it’s like what I am always saying to you, which now I am repeating again accompanying it with my tears, that there are many who live like ememies of the cross where Cristo died, even though they say they have believed in him, for they are insulting/belittling that death of his. There really is no renewing of their nature/ways.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • Tenango Otomi: “Already many times I have told you this word that I will tell you again. And with my tears I am telling you because there walk many people who say that it is not important that Christ died on the cross.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)

enemy / foe

The Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic and Latin that is translated as “enemy” or “foe” in English is translated in the Hausa Common Language Bible as “friends of front,” i.e., the person standing opposite you in a battle. (Source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)

In North Alaskan Inupiatun it is translated with a term that implies that it’s not just someone who hates you, but one who wants to do you harm (Source: Robert Bascom), in Tarok as ukpa ìkum or “companion in war/fighting,” and in Ikwere as nye irno m or “person who hates me” (source for this and one above: Chuck and Karen Tessaro in this newsletter ).

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on Philippians 3:18

There seems to be no need to regard verses 18 and 19 as a digression (cf. King James Version), since they are an integral part of the section. In these two verses Paul gives his reason for the injunctions in verse 17, and his tone is sarcastic, as in 3.2.

Notice the contrast between before (implicit in the context) and now, and the word play on many times and many (people).

This (in I have told you this) and it (in I repeat it) both refer to the contrast in what Paul proceeds to say with tears. The phrase with tears translates a Greek participle, commonly used of loud expression of sorrow and pain. It signifies intense grief. It is essential to render this phrase in such a way as to indicate clearly that Paul is extremely sorry to have to say what he does. It may, therefore, be necessary to render with tears as “I am so sorry about this that I could cry,” or “this makes me so sorry that I am crying.” Note, however, that the pronouns this and it must refer to what follows in verses 18 and 19. Therefore it may be necessary to translate the first part of verse 18 as “What I am going to tell you I have already told you many times before, and now I am going to repeat it, but it makes me so sorry that I cry.”

The noun lives renders the same Greek word translated follow in verse 17. It is generally used in Paul’s letters in the sense of one’s practical conduct (New English Bible “way of life”; Barclay “conduct”). In some languages whose lives is best expressed in more concrete terms, while preserving the original component in Greek, for example, “whose walkings and doings.” It may be necessary in certain other languages to translate whose lives by means of a verb, for example, “there are many who live in such a way as to cause them to become enemies of Christ’s death on the cross,” or “… by means of the way in which they live they make themselves enemies….”

Enemies of Christ’s death on the cross is literally “the enemies of the cross of Christ.” The cross is not simply an abstract symbol, it points to Christ’s death. As a Christian symbol the cross would have no meaning without the death of Christ. Good News Translation makes this fact explicit (cf. Gal 3.13). It is not entirely clear who these enemies were. They could have been the Judaizers referred to in 3.2 ff., who held fast to the Law as an agent of salvation. More likely, however, there were Gentile Christians who were guilty of a relaxation of the moral law. In either case, the persons referred to were professed Christians whose lives disavowed the significance of Christ’s death.

It may be quite difficult to render effectively the expression enemies of Christ’s death on the cross. It would be easy enough to speak of being “an enemy of Christ,” but to be “an enemy of Christ’s death” is much more complex. One should, of course, avoid a translation which would merely imply “they are against the idea of Christ’s having died on the cross.” One may, however, say “There are many who, by the way in which they live, tend to destroy the meaning of Christ’s death on the cross.”

Quoted with permission from Luo, I-Jin. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Philippians. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1977. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Philippians 3:18

3:18

Commentators disagree about whom Paul was referring to in 3:18–19. The main suggestions are:

(a) the Judaizers Paul mentioned earlier in the chapter who were trying to make the Gentile Christians become like Jews.

(b) Christians who believed they did not need to obey any moral laws.

(c) non-Christian Jews.

All the Greek text (especially 3:19) implies is that they were people opposed to moral laws. You should not try and identify these people further in your translation.

Once again Paul talked about the enemies of Christ with strong feeling and emotion. Try to make this meaning clear in your translation.

3:18a

For: This means that the evil lives of Christ’s enemies are one of the reasons the believers should try to imitate Paul’s godly life.

as I have often told you before: Paul had often warned the believers about the enemies he was about to describe.

and now say again even with tears: Paul was very sorrowful, even to the point of crying, when he had to tell the believers again about these enemies of Christ.

with tears: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as with tears literally means “crying, weeping, wailing.”

3:18b

Many live as enemies of the cross of Christ: Many people behaved in a way that showed that they opposed the good news, especially the main teaching about why Christ died on the cross. In many languages it does not make sense to say that someone is an “enemy of the cross.” The Display for 3:18b shows some ways to translate this.

Many: It may be necessary to include some implicit information here to clarify who these Many were. For example:

Many ⌊say they are Christians, but they⌋ act like they hate the message about Christ dying on the cross.

Paul does not say explicitly whether these people were Christians or not, even though they claimed to be.

live: As in 3:17b, the word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as live refers here to acting or behaving in a certain way.

the cross of Christ: This means “the cross on which Jesus died.” Here this is used figuratively to refer to the significance or purpose of Christ’s death.

General Comment on 3:18

In some languages it may be helpful to reorder this verse so that the main thing Paul is saying comes at the beginning. For example:

For there are many enemies of the cross of Christ. I have told you about them before, and now I am crying as I tell you again.

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