The Greek that is translated in English as “offer” in these verses is translated in Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec as “take an animal offering,” since otherwise it would be understood as a money offering. (Source: B. Moore / G. Turner in Notes on Translation 1967, p. 1ff.)
priest
The Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)
Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:
“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”
In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).
For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”
For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:
Bau cha r (បូជាចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.
See also idolatrous priests.
Mark 1:40-45 in Russian Sign Language
Following is the translation of Mark 1:40-45 into Russian Sign Language with a back-translation underneath:
Source: Russian Bible Society / Российское Библейское Общество
There was a man who had leprosy. His whole face and body was disfigured. He was not allowed to go out with people because the disease was very contagious. The man was wandering alone. Then Jesus passed by. The man began to beg Jesus with weeping, went up to him, fell on his knees and said to him:
— You heal people, make them healthy. Please heal me and make me well! I beg you! You can heal me!
Jesus looked at him and said:
— I want to give you health.
Jesus stretched out his hand. The leper tearfully touched his outstretched hand and, miraculously, his body and face began to change. Hooray! He was well!
Jesus said to him:
— I warn you sternly! Don’t tell anyone about this healing. Only go to Jerusalem, to the Temple, where the priests are. Go to the priest and show yourself to him. The priest will examine you and confirm that you are well. You must fulfill Moses’ instructions exactly, go there.
Leper:
— Yes, yes, of course!
He stood up out of joy that he was well. And he went around saying to everyone he met:
— I am well, I am clean. Jesus has healed me.
And so Jesus couldn’t go into the city. He began to look for deserted places. But people from all over Galilee came to Jesus, gathered around him in crowds and followed him.
Original Russian back-translation (click or tap here):
Один человек был болен проказой. Все лицо и тело у него было обезображено. Ему нельзя было встречаться с людьми, потому что болезнь была очень заразная. Этот человек бродил один. И вот мимо проходил Иисус. Этот человек с плачем стал умолять Иисуса, подошел к нему, упал на колени и сказал ему:
— Ты исцеляешь людей, делаешь здоровыми. Прошу тебя излечить меня и сделать здоровым! Умоляю! Ты можешь меня исцелить!
Иисус посмотрел на него и сказал:
— Я хочу дать тебе здоровье.
Иисус протянул ему руку. Прокаженный со слезами притронулся к протянутой руке — и о чудо! его тело, лицо стали изменяться! Ура! Он здоров!
Иисус сказал ему:
— Строго тебя предупреждаю! О том, что я тебя исцелил, никому не говори! Молчи! Только иди в Иерусалим, в Храм, там священники. Ты приди священнику и покажи ему себя. Священник тебя осмотрит и подтвердит, что ты здоров. Ты должен в точности исполнить предписания Моисея, прийти туда.
Прокаженный:
— Да, да, конечно!
Он встал вне себя от радости, что он здоров. И он ходил и всем встречным говорил:
— Я здоров, я чист. Иисус исцелил меня.
И вот Иисус не мог зайти в город. Он стал искать безлюдные места. Но люди со всей Галилеи приходили к Иисусу, собирались вокруг него толпами и шли за ним.
Back-translation by Luka Manevich
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Mark 2:1-12 in Russian Sign Language >>
Mark 1:40-45 in Mexican Sign Language
Following is the translation of Mark 1:40-45 into Mexican Sign Language with back-translations into Spanish and English underneath:
© La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios
Retrotraducciones en español (haga clic o pulse aquí)
Un hombre cuyo cuerpo estaba todo enfermo con llagas vio a Jesús y se acercó, se arrodilló y dijo: “Sé que tú me puedes sanar si tu quieres.”
Jesús sintió compasión y puso las manos sobre él (diciendo): “Sí quiero, tú seas sanado, limpio” y el hombre vio que su cuerpo se había aliviado, estaba sano.
Jesús dijo: “No digas nada a la gente, guarda silencio, es un secreto. Ahorita acercate a los sacerdotes a que te vean y examinen que todo tu cuerpo está bien y limpio, para que los sacerdotes sean testigos.
Sabes que la ley de Moisés dice que tú des un animal al sacerdote y él haga una ofrenda y entonces Dios ve que tu cuerpo está bien y limpio. Vete.”
El hombre se levantó y caminó y cuando vio la gente dijo: “Hace un rato mi cuerpo estaba enfermo con llagas pero hoy Jesús me sanó, ¡huy!” y empezó a advertirlo y contarlo y lo difundió por todos lados.
Jesus (pensó): Ay, él sí lo ha difundido, ahora no me puedo ir a los pueblos, entonces Jesús dejó (el pueblo) y se fue a otro lugar desierto pero de todos modos la gente iba a él.
A man whose whole body was ill with sores saw Jesus and approached him, he knelt down and said: “I know that you can heal me if you want.”
Jesus felt compassion, lay his hands on him (and said): “Yes, I want to, be healed, cleaned” and the man saw that his body had healed and he was well.
Jesus said: “Don’t say anything to the people, be silent, keep it a secret. Now go to the priests, that they see you and examine that your whole body is well and clean, so that the priests are your witnesses.
“You know that the law of Moses says that you have to give an animal to the priest and he makes a sacrifice and then God will see that your body is well and clean. Go now.”
The man got up and walked away and when he saw people he said: “Just now my body was ill with sores but today Jesus healed me, wow!” and he began to let people know and tell them and it spread all over the place.
Jesus thought: Oh no, he did spread it, now I can’t go to the villages anymore, so Jesus left and went to another place, a desert place, but still the people went to him.
Source: La Biblia en LSM / La Palabra de Dios
<< Mark 1:35-39 in Mexican Sign Language
Mark 2:1-12 in Mexican Sign Language >>
complete verse (Mark 1:44)
Following are a number of back-translations of Mark 1:44:
- Uma: “don’t talk to anybody about what happened here. First go show yourself to the priest, so he can see that you (sing.) are well, and carry your (sing.) offering according to commands that are written in the Law of Musa, so that it will be clear to all the people that you (sing.) are really well.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
- Yakan: “Isa said to him, ‘Be sure (pa’in) not to tell to anybody (lit. even to who) about my healing you. Instead go show your body/self to the priest and sacrifice as Musa has commanded, making it a sign to the people that you are really healed.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And then Jesus strictly commanded him saying, ‘Don’t tell anybody yet what has happened to you, but rather go to God’s sacrificer so that he might see that you are healed. And give him the sacrifice that Moses commanded a long time ago so that everybody might know that you are really healed.’ And then Jesus sent him away.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
- Kankanaey: “‘Don’t you (sing.) be relating this to even any person but rather go to show-yourself (sing.) to the priest so he will see that your (sing.) sickness is removed. Then give to him what Moses commanded that you (pl.) offer to God so that the many-people will thereby-know that you (sing.) have truly become-good/clean.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
- Tagbanwa: “‘Now please don’t tell anyone, but on the contrary go there at once to the priest to have him examine you. And then give the thank-offering, according to what was commanded by Moises, which is like a testimony to people that you are now well.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
- Shipibo-Conibo: “Sending him away he said: Look! he said. A single one a single thing do not tell. Just go. Having gone, make the man who speaks to God for them 10 see you. That which Moses told to give, give; that they might know.” (Source: James Lauriault in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 32ff. )
- Balinese: “and warned sternly thus: ‘Don’t tell it to anyone, but go and show yourself to the priest(s), and offer the offering for the cleansing of your stain, according to the orders of Moses, as a proof to them.'” (Source: J.L. Swellengrebel in The Bible Translator 1950, p. 75ff. )
Moses
The name that is transliterated as “Moses” in English is signed in Spanish Sign Language and Polish Sign Language in accordance with the depiction of Moses in the famous statue by Michelangelo (see here ). (Source: John Elwode in The Bible Translator 2008, p. 78ff. )
“Moses” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España
American Sign Language also uses the sign depicting the horns but also has a number of alternative signs (see here ).
In French Sign Language, a similar sign is used, but it is interpreted as “radiance” (see below) and it culminates in a sign for “10,” signifying the 10 commandments:
“Moses” in French Sign Language (source )
The horns that are visible in Michelangelo’s statue are based on a passage in the Latin Vulgate translation (and many Catholic Bible translations that were translated through the 1950ies with that version as the source text). Jerome, the translator, had worked from a Hebrew text without the niqquds, the diacritical marks that signify the vowels in Hebrew and had interpreted the term קרו (k-r-n) in Exodus 34:29 as קֶ֫רֶן — keren “horned,” rather than קָרַו — karan “radiance” (describing the radiance of Moses’ head as he descends from Mount Sinai).
In Swiss-German Sign Language it is translated with a sign depicting holding a staff. This refers to a number of times where Moses’s staff is used in the context of miracles, including the parting of the sea (see Exodus 14:16), striking of the rock for water (see Exodus 17:5 and following), or the battle with Amalek (see Exodus 17:9 and following).
“Moses” in Swiss-German Sign Language, source: DSGS-Lexikon biblischer Begriffe , © CGG Schweiz
In Vietnamese (Hanoi) Sign Language it is translated with the sign that depicts the eye make up he would have worn as the adopted son of an Egyptian princess. (Source: The Vietnamese Sign Language translation team, VSLBT)
“Moses” in Vietnamese Sign Language, source: SooSL
In Estonian Sign Language Moses is depicted with a big beard. (Source: Liina Paales in Folklore 47, 2011, p. 43ff. )

“Moses” in Estonian Sign Language, source: Glossary of the EKNK Toompea kogudus
For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .
Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Moses .
Honorary "are" construct denoting God (“say”)
Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.
Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the usage of an honorific construction where the morpheme are (され) is affixed on the verb as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. This is particularly done with verbs that have God as the agent to show a deep sense of reverence. Here, iw-are-ru (言われる) or “say” is used.
(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )
Scriptures Plain & Simple (Mark 1:40-45)
Barclay Newman, a translator on the teams for both the Good News Bible and the Contemporary English Version, translated passages of the New Testament into English and published them in 2014, “in a publication brief enough to be non-threatening, yet long enough to be taken seriously, and interesting enough to appeal to believers and un-believers alike.” The following is the translation of Mark 1:40-45:
A man with leprosy came and knelt down to Jesus,
begging, “Your power can make me well,
if only you are willing.”
Jesus felt sorrow for the man.
So he placed his hand on him and said,
“I’m willing—now you are well.”
At once the leprosy disappeared!
Jesus sent the man away with a warning,
“Don’t tell anyone except those you must
to be pronounced free of leprosy.
Then do what the Bible teaches
by offering a gift at the temple,
so everyone else will know you’re well.”
But the man instead told everyone he met —
so many that Jesus had to stay away from the towns.
But crowds still flocked to him in the desert.

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