gentiles / nations

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin that is often translated as “gentiles” (or “nations”) in English is often translated as a “local equivalent of ‘foreigners,'” such as “the people of other lands” (Guerrero Amuzgo), “people of other towns” (Tzeltal), “people of other languages” (San Miguel El Grande Mixtec), “strange peoples” (Navajo (Dinė)) (this and above, see Bratcher / Nida), “outsiders” (Ekari), “people of foreign lands” (Kannada), “non-Jews” (North Alaskan Inupiatun), “people being-in-darkness” (a figurative expression for people lacking cultural or religious insight) (Toraja-Sa’dan) (source for this and three above Reiling / Swellengrebel), “from different places all people” (Martu Wangka) (source: Carl Gross).

Tzeltal translates it as “people in all different towns,” Chicahuaxtla Triqui as “the people who live all over the world,” Highland Totonac as “all the outsider people,” Sayula Popoluca as “(people) in every land” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Chichimeca-Jonaz as “foreign people who are not Jews,” Sierra de Juárez Zapotec as “people of other nations” (source of this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.), Highland Totonac as “outsider people” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Uma as “people who are not the descendants of Israel” (source: Uma Back Translation), “other ethnic groups” (source: Newari Back Translation), and Yakan as “the other tribes” (source: Yakan Back Translation).

In Chichewa, it is translated with mitundu or “races.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

See also nations.

complete verse (Genesis 15:14)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Genesis 15:14:

  • Kankanaey: “Then I will punish the slave owners of them and your (sing.) descendants will depart from there taking-along many possessions.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Newari: “I will give punishment to the nation that makes them male and female slaves. And they will come out taking much wealth from there.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “But I will-punish the nation that will-enslave them. Later/Afterwards your descendants will-leave that nation [linker] bringing much/[lit. many] wealth.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “But then I will punish the people of that country that made them become slaves, and then your descendants will leave that country, taking many possessions with them.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

1st person pronoun referring to God (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a first person singular and plural pronoun (“I” and “we” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used watashi/watakushi (私) is typically used when the speaker is humble and asking for help. In these verses, where God / Jesus is referring to himself, watashi is also used but instead of the kanji writing system (私) the syllabary hiragana (わたし) is used to distinguish God from others.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also pronoun for “God”.

Translation commentary on Genesis 15:14

But I will bring judgment: but contrasts the present clause with the previous one. In this context the verb bring judgment has the sense of calling someone to account, to execute justice, and so “to punish” (Good News Translation).

The nation which they serve: some translations adjust this expression so that the nation is the subject of the verb; for example, “the nation that enslaves them” (Good News Translation). We may also say “The nation that makes them its slaves.”

And afterward means “after I have punished the nation.”

They shall come out: they refers to Abram’s descendants. Come out means to leave, depart from the nation in which they are slaves.

With great possessions: possessions, as in 12.5, refers to movable property and so includes animals as well as camp baggage and valuables such as gold and silver. Good News Translation says “… great wealth with them.”

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .