priest

The Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)

Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:

“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”

In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).

For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”

For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:

​​Bau cha r (បូជា‌ចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.

See also idolatrous priests.

complete verse (Deuteronomy 17:9)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Deuteronomy 17:9:

  • Kupsabiny: “When you arrive there, bring those matters to the priests and the judge who shall be in office/work in those days. They will show you what should be decided about those matters.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Go to the Levitical priests and Judge who is on duty at that time and make inquiry of them, they will decide the case.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “where the priests who are the descendants of Levi and the judges who serve at that time will-decide the case.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “There you should present the case to the descendants of Levi who are the priests, and to the judge who is serving at that time, and they should decide what should be done.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Deuteronomy 17:9

Coming to the Levitical priests: a break should be made at the end of verse 8, and this verse should begin a new sentence, “Go to….” The Levitical priests, or “the priests, the descendants of Levi,” were Levites serving in the central sanctuary. All priests were descendants of Aaron, hence, Levites. For “Levite” see 12.12, and for priests see 10.6.

The judge who is in office in those days: it appears that judges took turns. It is not clear how the Levitical priests and the presiding judge worked together on these cases. Contemporary English Version translates the first part of the verse as “this court will be made up of one judge and several priests who serve at the LORD’s altar.”

You shall consult them: that is, lay (or, present) your case before them.

They shall declare to you the decision: they will hand down the verdict, or give their decision about the case.

Quoted with permission from Bratcher, Robert G. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Deuteronomy. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2000. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .