righteous, righteousness

The Greek, Hebrew, and Latin terms that are translated in English mostly as “righteous” as an adjective or personified noun or “righteousness” (also as “upright(ness)” and “just(ice)”) are most commonly expressed with concept of “straightness,” though this may be expressed in a number of ways. (Click or tap here to see the details)

Following is a list of (back-) translations of various languages:

  • Bambara, Southern Bobo Madaré, Chokwe (ululi), Amganad Ifugao, Chol, Eastern Maninkakan, Toraja-Sa’dan, Pamona, Batak Toba, Bilua, Tiv: “be straight”
  • Laka: “follow the straight way” or “to straight-straight” (a reduplicated form for emphasis)
  • Sayula Popoluca: “walk straight”
  • Highland Puebla Nahuatl, Kekchí, Muna: “have a straight heart”
  • Kipsigis: “do the truth”
  • Mezquital Otomi: “do according to the truth”
  • Huautla Mazatec: “have truth”
  • Yine: “fulfill what one should do”
  • Indonesian: “be true”
  • Navajo (Dinė): “do just so”
  • Anuak: “do as it should be”
  • Mossi: “have a white stomach” (see also happiness / joy)
  • Paasaal: “white heart” (source: Fabian N. Dapila in The Bible Translator 2024, p. 415ff.)
  • (San Mateo del Mar Huave: “completely good” (the translation does not imply sinless perfection)
  • Nuer: “way of right” (“there is a complex concept of “right” vs. ‘left’ in Nuer where ‘right’ indicates that which is masculine, strong, good, and moral, and ‘left’ denotes what is feminine, weak, and sinful (a strictly masculine viewpoint!) The ‘way of right’ is therefore righteousness, but of course women may also attain this way, for the opposition is more classificatory than descriptive.”) (This and all above from Bratcher / Nida except for Bilua: Carl Gross; Tiv: Rob Koops; Muna: René van den Berg)
  • Central Subanen: “wise-good” (source: Robert Brichoux in OPTAT 1988/2, p. 80ff. )
  • Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac: “live well”
  • Mezquital Otomi: “goodness before the face of God” (source for this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)
  • Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: “the result of heart-straightening” (source: Nida 1947, p. 224)
  • Eastern Highland Otomi: “entirely good” (when referred to God), “do good” or “not be a debtor as God sees one” (when referred to people)
  • Carib: “level”
  • Tzotzil: “straight-hearted”
  • Ojitlán Chinantec: “right and straight”
  • Yatzachi Zapotec: “walk straight” (source for this and four previous: John Beekman in Notes on Translation November 1964, p. 1-22)
  • Makonde: “doing what God wants” (in a context of us doing) and “be good in God’s eyes” (in the context of being made righteous by God) (note that justify / justification is translated as “to be made good in the eyes of God.” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific notes in Paratext)
  • Aari: The Pauline word for “righteous” is generally rendered by “makes one without sin” in the Aari, sometimes “before God” is added for clarity. (Source: Loren Bliese)
  • North Alaskan Inupiatun: “having sin taken away” (Source: Nida 1952, p. 144)
  • Nyamwezi: wa lole: “just” or “someone who follows the law of God” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Venda: “nothing wrong, OK” (Source: J.A. van Roy in The Bible Translator 1972, p. 418ff. )
  • Ekari: maakodo bokouto or “enormous truth” (the same word that is also used for “truth“; bokouto — “enormous” — is being used as an attribute for abstract nouns to denote that they are of God [see also here]; source: Marion Doble in The Bible Translator 1963, p. 37ff. ).
  • Guhu-Samane: pobi or “right” (also: “right (side),” “(legal) right,” “straightness,” “correction,” “south,” “possession,” “pertinence,” “kingdom,” “fame,” “information,” or “speech” — “According to [Guhu-Samane] thinking there is a common core of meaning among all these glosses. Even from an English point of view the first five can be seen to be closely related, simply because of their similarity in English. However, from that point the nuances of meaning are not so apparent. They relate in some such a fashion as this: As one faces the morning sun, south lies to the right hand (as north lies to the left); then at one’s right hand are his possessions and whatever pertains to him; thus, a rich man’s many possessions and scope of power and influence is his kingdom; so, the rich and other important people encounter fame; and all of this spreads as information and forms most of the framework of the people’s speech.”) (Source: Ernest Richert in Notes on Translation 1964, p. 11ff.)
  • German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999): Gerechtheit, a neologism to differentiate it from the commonly-used Gerechtigkeit which can mean “righteousness” but is more often used in modern German as “fairness” (Berger / Nord especially use Gerechtheit in Letter to the Romans) or Gerechtestun, also a neologism, meaning “righteous deeds” (especially in Letter to the Ephesians)
  • “did what he should” (Eastern Highland Otomi)
  • “a clear man, good [man]” (Mairasi) (source: Enggavoter 2004)

See also respectable, righteous, righteous (person), devout, and She is more in the right(eous) than I.

Translation commentary on Proverbs 16:31

“A hoary head is a crown of glory”: “A hoary head” is a head of gray hair associated with advanced age. “A crown of glory” is rendered “a beautiful crown” in 4.9, where it is a gift of wisdom. This line expresses the special respect reserved for the elderly, as they were considered to be a source of wisdom.

“It is gained in a righteous life” is literally “it is found in the way of righteousness.” This line connects old age with good conduct or right living. Proverbs repeats many times that the righteous enjoy a long life, but the wicked die before their time. So the long life seen in the image of the gray head is a reward for right living. Contemporary English Version says “Gray hair is a glorious crown worn by those who have lived right.” See Good News Translation, which reverses the two lines. The whole verse may also be expressed as “Right-living people get their reward—gray hair like the beautiful hat of a king.”

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Proverbs. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2000. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

complete verse (Proverbs 16:31)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Proverbs 16:31:

  • Kupsabiny: “Grey hair of old age brings glory/honor,
    if a person follows the right path, he will reach there.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Grey hair is a glorious honor,
    it is only attained by good work.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “Being-old is an honor which a man who has a righteous life can-possess.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “Long life, it is the reward of righteous/just people, therefore their gray-hair is like their crown.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • English: “Gray hair is like a glorious crown
    that is given to people who have always behaved righteously.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

SIL Translator’s Notes on Proverbs 16:31

16:31

The first line of this proverb describes gray hair as a symbol of honor. The second line describes how gray hair is attained.

31a Gray hair is a crown of glory;

31b it is attained along the path of righteousness.

16:31a

Gray hair is a crown of glory: This clause has two figures of speech. Gray hair is a figure of speech (metonymy). It represents old age. It is compared (metaphor) to a splendid/beautiful crown. The similarity between gray hair and a crown is that both are symbols of dignity and honor.

In some cultures, gray hair does not represent old age. If that is true in your culture, some other ways to translate this figure of speech are:

• Use a similar figure of speech. For example:

White hairs (New Jerusalem Bible)
-or-
Silver hair (God’s Word)

• Translate the meaning without using a figure of speech. For example:

Old age

If a literal translation of the metaphor is not clear or natural in your language, some other ways to translate it are:

• Change the metaphor to a simile. For example:

Gray hair is like a crown of honor (New Century Version)

• Translate the meaning without using the figure of speech of a crown. For example:

Gray hair causes a person to be honored
-or-
People honor someone who is old

See the note on 4:9a–b, where the identical phrase “crown of beauty” is used. Also see the note on 12:4b, where “a wife of noble character” is called “her husband’s crown.”

16:31b

it is attained along the path of righteousness: This clause explains that old age is gained by means of living along the path of righteousness. Other ways to express the relationship between gray hair (old age) and a righteous life are:

it is gained as a result of a righteous life
-or-
it is a reward for consistently doing what is right

General Comment on 16:31a–b

In some languages, it may be more natural to reorder the parallel parts. See 16:31a–b (combined/reordered) in the Display.

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