gentiles / nations

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin that is often translated as “gentiles” (or “nations”) in English is often translated as a “local equivalent of ‘foreigners,'” such as “the people of other lands” (Guerrero Amuzgo), “people of other towns” (Tzeltal), “people of other languages” (San Miguel El Grande Mixtec), “strange peoples” (Navajo (Dinė)) (this and above, see Bratcher / Nida), “outsiders” (Ekari), “people of foreign lands” (Kannada), “non-Jews” (North Alaskan Inupiatun), “people being-in-darkness” (a figurative expression for people lacking cultural or religious insight) (Toraja-Sa’dan) (source for this and three above Reiling / Swellengrebel), “from different places all people” (Martu Wangka) (source: Carl Gross).

Tzeltal translates it as “people in all different towns,” Chicahuaxtla Triqui as “the people who live all over the world,” Highland Totonac as “all the outsider people,” Sayula Popoluca as “(people) in every land” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Chichimeca-Jonaz as “foreign people who are not Jews,” Sierra de Juárez Zapotec as “people of other nations” (source of this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.), Highland Totonac as “outsider people” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Uma as “people who are not the descendants of Israel” (source: Uma Back Translation), “other ethnic groups” (source: Newari Back Translation), and Yakan as “the other tribes” (source: Yakan Back Translation).

In Chichewa, it is translated with mitundu or “races.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

See also nations.

complete verse (Leviticus 18:28)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Leviticus 18:28:

  • Kupsabiny: “And if you (plur.) defile (it), the land will spit you out like it spat out the people who lived there before you came.” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
  • Newari: “If you also do unclean [work] like that, you will also be driven out by vomiting, just like the former nations were driven out from that land” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “And so even-if that land has-became-dirty/has-become-unclean because-of what they do, so I have-sent calamities to that land so-that by-means- of this they will-(all)-leave there. But you (plur.) Israelinhon and the foreigners who (are) living with you (plur.), you (plur.) must- not -do those detestable/abominable things but-instead you (plur.) obey my rules/regulations/[lit. what-is-to-be-followed] and commands. For if you (plur.) also make- the land -dirty/unclean by doing those things, you (plur.) will- also -be-caused-to-leave from that land just-like the people before you (plur.).” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “So if you defile the land, I will get rid of you like I got rid of the people of those nations that were here before you came.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on Leviticus 18:28

Lest …: this may have to be translated “If you do this, the land will reject you….”

Vomit … vomited: that is, “reject.” See verse 25.

The nation: the traditional Hebrew text has the singular here. But other manuscripts have “nations,” as translated in New International Version, New American Bible, An American Translation, and Moffatt. However, the singular is used collectively in Hebrew, so that it should be translated as a plural in many languages in any case. On the meaning of the word itself, see verse 24.

Quoted with permission from Péter-Contesse, René and Ellington, John. A Handbook on Leviticus. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1990. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .