brothers

“Brothers” has to be translated into Naro as “younger brothers and older brothers” (Tsáá qõea xu hẽé / naka tsáá kíí). All brothers are included this way, also because of the kind of plural that has been used. (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)

This also must be more clearly defined in Yucateco as older or younger (suku’un or Iits’in), but here there are both older and younger brothers. Yucateco does have a more general word for close relative, family member. (Source: Robert Bascom)

Joseph

The term that is transliterated as “Joseph” in English is translated in American Sign Language with a sign that relates to a) the coat he wore (see Gen 37:3), b) the holding of his clothes by Potiphar’s wife (see Gen 39:12), and c) the many times Joseph experienced grief. (Source: Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)


“Joseph” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor

In Spanish Sign Language it is translated with a sign that signifies “dream,” referring to Jacob’s dream at Bethel (see Genesis 28:10 and the following verses). (Source: Steve Parkhurst)


“Joseph” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Joseph .

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

Pharaoh

The term that is used for monarchs in ancient Egypt and is transliterated as “Pharaoh” in English is translated in Finnish Sign Language with the sign signifying the “fake metal beard (postiche)” that was word by Pharaohs during official functions. (Source: Tarja Sandholm)


“Pharaoh” in Finnish Sign Language (source )

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Pharaoh .

complete verse (Genesis 47:5)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Genesis 47:5:

  • Kankanaey: “Then the king said to Jose, ‘Today, your (sing.) father and your (sing.) siblings have come to you (sing.).” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Newari: “Then Pharaoh said to Joseph — ‘Your father and [your] brothers have come to you.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “The king said to Jose, ‘Now that your (sing.) father and siblings/(brothers) have- now -arrived,” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “The king said to Joseph, ‘I am happy that your father and your older brothers and younger brother have come to you.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

2nd person pronoun with low register (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between. One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. The most commonly used anata (あなた) is typically used when the speaker is humbly addressing another person.

In these verses, however, omae (おまえ) is used, a cruder second person pronoun, that Jesus for instance chooses when chiding his disciples. (Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also first person pronoun with low register and third person pronoun with low register.

Translation commentary on Genesis 47:5 - 47:6

Verses 5-6 are translated quite differently by various versions. This is because verse 5 in the Hebrew text, in which the king speaks to Joseph, does not seem to be an appropriate response to the speech of Jacob’s sons in Gen 47.4. In the Septuagint the order of the clauses is different in these verses, and there is one additional clause; and Hebrew Old Testament Text Project favors the Septuagint text with a rating of {B}.

Revised Standard Version, Good News Translation, Revised English Bible and a number of other English versions follow the Hebrew text. They deal with the difficulty by trying to translate verse 5 in such a way that it does follow on reasonably well from the end of verse 4, even though it is not an immediate or direct response to the request made by Joseph’s brothers. However, others such as New American Bible and Die Bibel im heutigen Deutsch translate these verses from the Septuagint. Moreover Bible de Jérusalem and New Jerusalem Bible (and Anchor Bible in his notes) treat verses 1-11 as two parallel versions of the same event and conversation. New Jerusalem Bible makes this very obvious by placing a heading in the middle of verses 5-6 as they are in the Septuagint; the heading labels what follows as “Another version.” The Handbook recommends that translators follow the Hebrew text as seen in Revised Standard Version, Good News Translation, and other major English versions.

Your father and your brothers have come to you: the king, who is now speaking to Joseph, is not telling Joseph something he does not know. The function of this statement seems rather to be an introduction to verse 6 in the form of a reason or concession. We may state it in such words as “Well, now that your … have come to you” or “Since your … have come to you.” Good News Translation and Revised English Bible also provide good models for this clause. Have come to you may be rendered, for example, “have come to be with you” or, as Bible en français courant translates, “have come to join you.”

The land of Egypt is before you: this expression has the sense of “the country of Egypt is under your control” or “… is available to you.” In some translations this is rendered “… is open to you” or “… is free for you.”

Settle your … in the best of the land: that is, “put your … on the best land in the country.” For best of the land see 45.18.

Let them dwell in the land of Goshen: this repeats in a more concrete form what the king has just said.

We may restructure verses 5-6a to say as follows: “Then the king said to Joseph, ‘The land of this country is yours. Now that your father and brothers have come to be with you, settle them in Goshen, which is the best of our lands.’ ”

If you know any able men among them: able translates a term meaning “strong” and “worthy.” Good News Translation renders it “capable,” Bible en français courant “competent,” and Revised English Bible “with the skill.”

Put them in charge of my cattle is literally “Put them as princes [rulers] over livestock that belongs to me.” The same expression is used in Exo 18.21, where Moses instructs the people to choose capable men as rulers over sections of the people.

According to Driver, Egyptian inscriptions tell of the Pharaohs owning large herds watched over by a superintendent of the royal herd.

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .