inclusive vs. exclusive pronoun (Gen 34:10)

Many languages distinguish between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns (“we”). (Click or tap here to see more details)

The inclusive “we” specifically includes the addressee (“you and I and possibly others”), while the exclusive “we” specifically excludes the addressee (“he/she/they and I, but not you”). This grammatical distinction is called “clusivity.” While Semitic languages such as Hebrew or most Indo-European languages such as Greek or English do not make that distinction, translators of languages with that distinction have to make a choice every time they encounter “we” or a form thereof (in English: “we,” “our,” or “us”).

For this verse, the Jarai and the Adamawa Fulfulde translation both use the exclusive pronoun, excluding Jacob’s family.

complete verse (Genesis 34:10)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Genesis 34:10:

  • Newari: “You live with us. You can stay in this place and you can also go everywhere. Do business here, and accumulate property.'” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “You (pl.) are-permitted to-settle with us (excl.) in wherever the place (is) that you (pl.) would-like. And you (pl.) are- also -permitted to-do-business here anywhere and can-possess/acquire land.'” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “You can live among us, and live anywhere in our land that you wish. You can buy and sell things (OR, travel around) and if you find land that you want, then you can buy it.'” (Source: Translation for Translators)

formal 2nd person plural pronoun (Japanese)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Japanese benefactives (sunde)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between. One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a benefactive construction as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017.

Here, sunde (住んで) or “dwell” is used in combination with kudasaru (くださる), a respectful form of the benefactive kureru (くれる). A benefactive reflects the good will of the giver or the gratitude of a recipient of the favor. To convey this connotation, English translation needs to employ a phrase such as “for me (my sake)” or “for you (your sake).” (Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Japanese benefactives (ete)

Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between. One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a benefactive construction as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017.

Here, ete (得て) or “gain” is used in combination with kudasaru (くださる), a respectful form of the benefactive kureru (くれる). A benefactive reflects the good will of the giver or the gratitude of a recipient of the favor. To convey this connotation, English translation needs to employ a phrase such as “for me (my sake)” or “for you (your sake).” (Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

Translation commentary on Genesis 34:10

You shall dwell with us: dwell has the sense here of “settle,” “live,” “remain.” Some interpret Hamor’s proposal as a conditional statement: “If you will live with us….” Others translate it as a demand or request for future action: “You [plural] will live here with us….” These are both possible models for translation.

The land shall be open to you [plural]: this is literally “the land is before your [plural] face.” This is an idiom and is similar to English “make yourselves at home.” See Good News Translation “live anywhere you wish.” Biblia Dios Habla Hoy says “the country is at your disposal.”

Dwell and trade in it: the word rendered trade by Revised Standard Version and Good News Translation, according to Anchor Bible and Westermann, cannot mean to buy and sell, as trade suggests. That meaning is said to be a later development in Hebrew and Jewish Aramaic, based on a similar-sounding noun meaning “merchant,” as used in 23.16. The verb rendered trade meant to circle or go in an irregular course. This sense is supported by the Koehler-Baumgartner lexicon as “move freely throughout the land.” Revised English Bible translate “move about freely,” and this is recommended to translators. For this clause and the previous one, some translations have “You can travel and stay anywhere you like in this country.”

Get property in it translates a verb whose basic meaning is to “grasp,” “take possession.” In this context it refers to acquiring or owning land or property. See Revised English Bible “acquire land of your own.” We may also say, for example, “become land owners” or “own your own land.”

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .