kiss

The Hebrew and the Greek that is usually directly translated as “kiss” in English is translated more indirectly in other languages because kissing is deemed as inappropriate, is not a custom at all, or is not customary in the particular context (see the English translation of J.B. Phillips [publ. 1960] in Romans 16:16: “Give each other a hearty handshake”). Here are some examples:

  • Pökoot: “greet warmly” (“kissing in public, certainly between men, is absolutely unacceptable in Pökoot.”) (Source: Gerrit van Steenbergen)
  • Southern Birifor: puor or “greet” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Chamula Tzotzil, Ixcatlán Mazatec, Tojolabal: “greet each other warmly” or “hug with feeling” (source: Robert Bascom)
  • Afar: gaba tittal ucuya — “give hands to each other” (Afar kiss each other’s hands in greeting) (source: Loren Bliese)
  • Roviana: “welcome one another joyfully”
  • Cheke Holo: “love each other in the way-joined-together that is holy” (esp. in Romans 16:16) or “greet with love” (esp. 1 Thessalonians 5:26 and 1 Peter 5:14)
  • Pitjantjatjara: “when you meet/join up with others of Jesus’ relatives hug and kiss them [footnote], for you are each a relative of the other through Jesus.” Footnote: “This was their custom in that place to hug and kiss one another in happiness. Maybe when we see another relative of Jesus we shake hands and rejoice.” (esp. Rom. 16:16) (source for this and two above: Carl Gross)
  • Kamba: “greet with the greeting of love” (source: Andy Warren-Rothlin)
  • Balanta-Kentohe and Mandinka: “touch cheek” or “cheek-touching” (“sumbu” in Malinka)
  • Mende: “embrace” (“greet one another with the kiss of love”: “greet one another and embrace one another to show that you love one another”) (source for this and two above: Rob Koops)
  • Gen: “embrace affectionately” (source: John Ellington)
  • Kachin: “holy and pure customary greetings” (source: Gam Seng Shae)
  • Kahua: “smell” (source: David Clark) (also in Ekari and Kekchí, source: Reiling / Swellengrebel)
  • San Blas Kuna: “smell the face” (source: Claudio and Marvel Iglesias in The Bible Translator 1951, p. 85ff. )
  • Chichewa: “suck” (“habit and term a novelty amongst the young and more or less westernized people, the traditional term for greeting a friend after a long absence being, ‘clap in the hands and laugh happily'”)
  • Medumba: “suck the cheek” (“a novelty, the traditional term being ‘to embrace.'”)
  • Shona (version of 1966) / Vidunda: “hug”
  • Elhomwe: “show respect by hugging” (source: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Balinese: “caress” (source for this and three above: Reiling / Swellengrebel; Vidunda: project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
  • Tsafiki: earlier version: “greet in a friendly way,” later revision: “kiss on the face” (Bruce Moore [in: Notes on Translation 1/1992, p. 1ff.] explains: “Formerly, kissing had presented a problem. Because of the Tsáchilas’ [speakers of Tsafiki] limited exposure to Hispanic culture they understood the kiss only in the eros context. Accordingly, the original translation had rendered ‘kiss’ in a greeting sense as ‘greet in a friendly way’. The actual word ‘kiss’ was not used. Today ‘kiss’ is still an awkward term, but the team’s judgment was that it could be used as long as long as it was qualified. So ‘kiss’ (in greeting) is now ‘kiss on the face’ (that is, not on the lips).)
  • Kwere / Kutu: “show true friendship” (source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)

In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated as heiliger Kuss or “holy kiss” in the epistles. The translators note (p. 62): “It is possible that this is an early practice in which Christians communicate the Holy Spirit to one another or rekindle it.”

See also The kiss of Christian love (image), Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth and kissed (his feet).

Esau

The name that is transliterated as “Jacob” in English is translated in Finnish Sign Language and American Sign Language with the signs signifying “hairy forearm” (referring to the story starting at Genesis 27:11). (Source: Tarja Sandholm, Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)


“Esau” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

See also Jacob and hairy (like Esau).

Learn more on Bible Odyssey: Esau .

complete verse (Genesis 33:4)

Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of Genesis 33:4:

  • Newari: “Esau came running, embraced him and kissed him. Then they both wept.” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
  • Hiligaynon: “But Esau ran to-meet him. Esau embraced him and kissed-(him), and the two of them cried.” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
  • English: “But Esau ran to Jacob. He hugged him, put his arms around his neck, and kissed him on the cheek. And they both cried.” (Source: Translation for Translators)

Translation commentary on Genesis 33:4

But Esau ran to meet him: Revised Standard Version and Good News Translation render the common Hebrew connective as But, which is to mark in English the contrast between Jacob’s ceremonial submission and Esau’s friendly and informal response. Translators should try to have in mind the full picture of the movements and actions of the two brothers in verses 3-4, whether they need to put more detail into their translation or not. For instance, we may suppose that Jacob did not begin bowing until he was reasonably close to Esau; and we may suppose that Esau was walking ahead of his men, and began running toward Jacob before Jacob had finished making his seven bows. It also seems from this verse that it was Esau who came up to Jacob, rather than the other way round, to finally bring the two together.

Embraced him, and fell on his neck and kissed him: instead of attacking him, Esau surprises Jacob by his show of affection. For embraced and kissed see the case of Laban greeting Jacob in 29.13. Fell on his neck describes what Esau did after embracing Jacob: he threw his arms around Jacob’s neck and kissed him. In some cultures this greeting scene between two men may seem strange and repulsive. See the comment on 27.26. In some languages it will be adequate to say “he hugged him and kissed him” or “he put his arms around Jacob to show he accepted him, and then kissed his cheeks.” For kissed see 27.26.

And they wept: some translations change the text to “he wept.” However, the Hebrew text has the plural and is recommended to translators. Some translations say “they-two cried together.” It may strike readers in some languages as strange that these desert-hardened men should cry instead of dancing or shaking their spears. In such cases it may be helpful to give the purpose of their weeping, as Die Bibel im heutigen Deutsch does, “Both cried for joy.” Although nothing is said about Jacob’s deception of many years before, that has been silently settled in the wordless reconciliation through the hugs and tears.

Quoted with permission from Reyburn, William D. and Fry, Euan McG. A Handbook on Genesis. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 1997. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .