plan / purpose / ways (Japanese honorifics)

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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between. One way to do this is through the usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. When the referent is God, a god, or a person or persons to be honored, the honorific prefix go- (御 or ご) can be used, as in go-keikaku (ご計画), a combination of “plan” (keikaku) and the honorific prefix go-. (Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

complete verse (Acts 4:28)

Following are a number of back-translations of Acts 4:28:

  • Uma: “This planning of theirs, was to kill Yesus. But in fact what they did fulfilled what you (sing.) had already decided [made certain] from-the-first! As a result everything happened according to your (sing.) power and your (sing.) own desire, Lord.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
  • Yakan: “They do this because formerly yet you planned from/by your will and your power that this should happen.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
  • Western Bukidnon Manobo: “And they have agreed on what they will do to him according to what you foreordained that they would do.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
  • Kankanaey: “And they did all that you (sing.) previously because of your (sing.) power had already-decided should be fulfilled.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
  • Tagbanwa: “But well, all which they have decided to do is all in harmony with what you indeed determined would happen.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
  • San Mateo del Mar Huave: “Thus they did because you have stated from before that thus it would be.”
  • Teutila Cuicatec: “They carried out all that you decreed would have to come to pass.”
  • Eastern Highland Otomi: “Because this is what you ordained in the beginning that would happen.”
  • Chuj: “But they just did like you had said long ago how that those things must be done.” (Source of this and three above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.)

hand (of God) (Japanese honorifics)

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way to do this is through the usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. When the referent is God, the “divine” honorific prefix mi- (御 or み) is used here in mi-te (御手) or “hand (of God).”

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

See also hand of the LORD.

Translation commentary on Acts 4:28

Your power translates “your hand”; “the hand of God” is a biblical phrase which signifies “the power or might of God,” especially as seen in his mighty acts of salvation.

The statement of the principal event “gathering together” and its purpose to do everything that … had already decided is not difficult to combine in most languages. What complicates the picture is the addition of the phrase by your power and will. This explanation of the means, or as some might interpret it the attendant circumstances, may need to be expressed as a separate clause.

The first clause can be rendered as “they came together to do exactly what already had been decided would happen.” The parenthetical expression can then be rendered as “you could decide it this way because of your power and will.” An even fuller statement of this might be “you could decide exactly what would happen because you had the strength and because this is the way you wanted it.” It is difficult to know in all instances whether Greek boulē should be rendered “wanted it,” as a close translation of “will,” or whether the concept is closer to “design” or “plan,” in which case one could translate “because you had planned it this way.”

Quoted with permission from Newman, Barclay M. and Nida, Eugene A. A Handbook on The Acts of the Apostles. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1972. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .

SIL Translator’s Notes on Acts 4:28

4:28

They carried out: Here They refers to the people in 4:27a.

Your hand: This Greek idiom is used here to refer to “power.” For example:

your power (New International Version)

and will: Here this word means “plan, intention, purpose.” In some languages a verb must be used. For example:

what you planned

decided beforehand would happen: This phrase indicates here that God had already planned for those people to kill Jesus. Here are some other ways to translate this phrase:

determined before to be done (King James Version)
-or-
already-decided should be fulfilled

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