The Hebrew and Greek that is translated as “widow” in English is translated in West Kewa as ona wasa or “woman shadow” (source: Karl J. Franklin in Notes on Translation 70/1978, pp. 13ff.) and in Newari as “husband already died ones” or “ones who have no husband” (source: Newari Back Translation).
The etymological meaning of the Hebrewalmanah (אַלְמָנָה) is likely “pain, ache,” the Greekchéra (χήρα) is likely “to leave behind,” “abandon,” and the Englishwidow (as well as related terms in languages such as Dutch, German, Sanskrit, Welsh, or Persian) is “to separate,” “divide” (source: Wiktionary).
Following are a number of back-translations of 1 Timothy 5:14:
Uma: “That’s why I say younger widows should just get married, have children, and take good care of the people in their house, so that there will be no way for our enemies to gossip/speak-badly about us who follow Kristus.” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “As for me, it is better yet if the young widows marry again and have children and take care of (things) inside their house. So-then there is nothing bad our (incl.) enemies can say about us (incl.) the ones who trust in Isa Almasi.” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “Because of this, I desire that the young widow women get married again so that they might bear children and take care of their family. And then there won’t be anything for our (incl.) enemies to blame them for.” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “Therefore my opinion, it would be better for the widows who are not overly old to get-married again so they can bear-children and tend-to their homes so that our enemy/enemies have no opportunity to criticize us.” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “Therefore in-my-opinion, as for these still young ones, if someone wants to marry them, it would be good if they indeed get married, have children and manage the household. Of course if it’s like that, there’s nothing which could be gossiped-about-critically by those who haven’t believed.” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Tenango Otomi: “Therefore I want that the widows who are young women get married again, have children, care for the house. Then no one will be able to say that they are doing wrong.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
As an alternative to putting younger widows on the roll, and to save them from the negative activities that have been mentioned, Paul would prefer for younger widows to marry and live normal lives as wives and mothers in the context of a family.
Rule their households translates the Greek literally (see 3.4 for comments on the similar expression “manage his own household”), but the term is used for someone who manages a home (Good News Translation “take care of”); at that time, of course, a home would include slaves and servants. The reason for this recommendation (that is, of the younger widows remarrying and having a new home) is in order to give the enemy no occasion to revile us. Us refers to the total Christian community and should therefore be translated inclusively. Occasion can also be “pretext,” “excuse.” Revile actually is a noun in the Greek and can be translated as “slander,” “insult,” “say bad things about,” hence Good News Translation “speak evil.” The insult would of course be directed to Christians, and this is made explicit in Revised Standard Version‘s to revile us.
But who is the enemy? In view of verse 15, and in view of the fact that enemy is singular, the logical conclusion would be to identify Satan as the enemy. The problem with this option is, how can Satan insult members of the Christian community? It is for this reason that some translations have opted for identifying the enemy with certain people, perhaps and especially the followers of the false teachers. If such an option is taken, then enemy is considered as a collective noun and is therefore better translated plural, as, for example, Good News Translation “enemies.” Those who hold to the view that the enemy here refers to Satan would reason that Satan insults the Christian community through a human being. All in all, though, it is recommended by this Handbook that translators render this word as “enemies.” In a number of languages “our enemies” will be rendered as “those who hate us.”
Quoted with permission from Arichea, Daniel C. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Paul’s First Letter to Timothy. (UBS Handbook Series). New York: UBS, 1995. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
So: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as So introduces Paul’s conclusion based on what he said in 5:11–13 about younger widows.
I advise the younger widows to marry: Paul advised Timothy to tell younger widows to remarry. (Kelly, page 119, says, “It is often argued that this advice proves that the writer cannot be the Apostle, since in I Cor. vii. 25 ff., while not opposed to marriage, he gave it as his opinion that in view of the imminence of the Parousia it was better for the unmarried to remain so. But (a) his Corinthian ruling was given many years previously, and it is agreed that as he grew older his sense of the nearness of the Parousia became dimmer; and (b) that ruling was in any case a general one, whereas here he is dealing with the very special case of widows. It is clearly his view that it is ideally better for anyone, man or woman, whose partner has died to avoid a second marriage, but his good sense and realism make him encourage second marriages where the strain involved in remaining single would be too great. This, as a matter of fact, is exactly the position he adopts in I Corinthians, where we find him (vii. 9; 36) specifically recommending marriage for (a) unmarried people and widows, and (b) partners in spiritual celibacy, provided they find it impossible to control their passions.”) He did so because he especially did not want the young widows to face the temptations listed in 5:11–13.
5:14b
have children: That is, to give birth to children. It is implied that Paul expected the mothers to take care of those children.
5:14c
and manage their households: The phrase manage their households means to do all the things that women had to do to ensure that they had properly cared for their families. Although the Berean Standard Bible translates the Greek word in the same way as in 3:4, the word is different.
5:14d
denying the adversary occasion for slander: Paul wanted the younger widows to behave well so that no one would have an excuse to criticize the Christians.
the adversary: The Greek phrase that the Berean Standard Bible translates as the adversary is literally “the one oppressing.” In this verse it can refer to either:
(1) the devil
(2) any person who opposes Christians and Christianity (New Century Version says “no enemy”; Good News Translation says “our enemies”)
Most translations do not explain who the enemy is. It is recommended that you use as general a word as possible in your translation. If you must be specific, it is recommended that you follow interpretation (1). Paul was probably talking about the devil. However, one way that the devil slanders Christians is causing people to criticize them.
slander: The Greek word that the Berean Standard Bible translates as slander means “speaking against,” “insulting.” The English word slander implies that someone is saying something false. However the Greek word can also refer to saying true things to insult people. (Louw and Nida (33.393) define the Greek word (loidoria) as “to speak in a highly insulting manner.” However, Kittel
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All Scripture quotations in this publication, unless otherwise indicated, are from The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible. BSB is produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee.
Living Water is produced for the Bible translation movement in association with Lutheran Bible Translators. Lyrics derived from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®).
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