19While Saul was talking to the priest, the tumult in the camp of the Philistines increased more and more, and Saul said to the priest, “Withdraw your hand.”
The term that is transliterated as “Philistines” in English is translated in American Sign Language with a sign that signifies the helmet the Philistine warriors wore was decorated with feather-like objects. (Source: Ruth Anna Spooner, Ron Lawer)
“Philistines” in American Sign Language, source: Deaf Harbor
Click or tap here to see a short video clip about Philistines (source: Bible Lands 2012)
The Hebrew and Greek that is transliterated as “Saul” in English is translated in Spanish Sign Language with the sign that depicts “sword in chest” (referring to 1 Samuel 31:4 and 1 Chronicles 10:4) and also “self-centered.” (Source: Steve Parkhurst)
The Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)
Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:
“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”
In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).
For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”
For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:
Bau cha r (បូជាចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.
Following are a number of back-translations as well as a sample translation for translators of 1 Samuel 14:19:
Kupsabiny: “As Saul was talking to Ahijah, there was an huge uproar/commotion among the Philistine soldiers. When Saul heard like that, he told Ahijah that, ‘Leave that cloth.’” (Source: Kupsabiny Back Translation)
Newari: “While Saul was talking with the priests, the tumult in the Philistine camp had become even louder. So Saul said to the priest, "There is no time to get advice from the LORD."” (Source: Newari Back Translation)
Hiligaynon: “While Saul was-talking-together with the priest, the noise/tumult in the camp of the Filistinhon was-increasing more-and-more. So Saul said to the priest, ‘Just stop asking God now.’” (Source: Hiligaynon Back Translation)
English: “But while Saul was talking to the priest, he saw that the Philistia soldiers were becoming more panicked/confused. So Saul said to Ahijah, ‘Take your hand down from the sacred vest. Do not waste any more time using the marked stones in the vest to find out what Yahweh wants us to do.’” (Source: Translation for Translators)
This verse, which begins in Hebrew with the transition marker “And it happened,” describes two simultaneous actions. At the same time that Saul was speaking to Ahijah, the confusion among the members of the Philistine army was increasing. The translation should make it clear that these two things were going on at the same time.
The word translated tumult may be rendered “noise.” In 4.14 the same word is translated “outcry.” But in this context it seems to refer to the utter confusion and chaos in the Philistine camp. New Jerusalem Bible uses the word “turmoil.”
Increased more and more: literally “was going on, going on and becoming great.” The idea seems to be that the confusion among the Philistines just kept on getting greater.
Withdraw your hand: seeing that the battle with the Philistines was about to begin, Saul told the priest Ahijah not to continue what he had begun. The ephod was used as an instrument of divination; and if the Septuagint reading is accepted in verse 18, then Saul and the priest were using the ephod to determine God’s will. If the Masoretic Text is followed in verse 18, then it is less clear what role the ark was to play. Quite possibly the ark also was somehow used to determine God’s will through divination or oracles.
In either case translators should not follow the example of New Century Version here in saying “There’s not time to pray now!” Saul was most likely not seeking to know God’s will through prayer but rather through some form of divination. In any case some languages will be able to use a very general expression appropriate to telling someone to drop what he is doing, since it is no longer useful. Some may say “Forget about that” or “never mind!” (Contemporary English Version).
Quoted with permission from Omanson, Roger L. and Ellington, John E. A Handbook on the First and Second Books of Samuel, Volume 1. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2001. For this and other handbooks for translators see here .
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