gentiles / nations

The Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin that is often translated as “gentiles” (or “nations”) in English is often translated as a “local equivalent of ‘foreigners,'” such as “the people of other lands” (Guerrero Amuzgo), “people of other towns” (Tzeltal), “people of other languages” (San Miguel El Grande Mixtec), “strange peoples” (Navajo (Dinė)) (this and above, see Bratcher / Nida), “outsiders” (Ekari), “people of foreign lands” (Kannada), “non-Jews” (North Alaskan Inupiatun), “people being-in-darkness” (a figurative expression for people lacking cultural or religious insight) (Toraja-Sa’dan) (source for this and three above Reiling / Swellengrebel), “from different places all people” (Martu Wangka) (source: Carl Gross).

Tzeltal translates it as “people in all different towns,” Chicahuaxtla Triqui as “the people who live all over the world,” Highland Totonac as “all the outsider people,” Sayula Popoluca as “(people) in every land” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Chichimeca-Jonaz as “foreign people who are not Jews,” Sierra de Juárez Zapotec as “people of other nations” (source of this and one above: Viola Waterhouse in Notes on Translation August 1966, p. 86ff.), Highland Totonac as “outsider people” (source: Waterhouse / Parrott in Notes on Translation October 1967, p. 1ff.), Uma as “people who are not the descendants of Israel” (source: Uma Back Translation), “other ethnic groups” (source: Newari Back Translation), and Yakan as “the other tribes” (source: Yakan Back Translation).

In Chichewa, it is translated with mitundu or “races.” (Source: Mawu a Mulungu mu Chichewa Chalero Back Translation)

See also nations.

Translation commentary on Tobit 1:10

Verse 10 returns us to the sequence of events reported in verse 3, where Tobit tells how the Assyrians took him and many other Israelites to Nineveh. Verses 4-9 have been a flashback to establish Tobit’s genuine religious devotion. Translators should open a new paragraph here and continue it till the end of verse 15.

I was carried away captive to Assyria: In languages that do not have the passive voice, this clause may be expressed as “Later, the Assyrian soldiers captured me and took me to the land of Assyria.”

Came as a captive to Nineveh may be rendered “that is how I came to live in Nineveh” (Good News Translation) or even “we went to live in the city of Nineveh” (Contemporary English Version).

For everyone of my kindred and people: See the comment at verse 3.

Ate the food of the Gentiles: Gentiles refers to those who were not Israelites. In exile in Nineveh, it was the practice of all Tobit’s relatives to eat the food of the Gentiles, that is, food not permitted by the Law of Moses. Surrounded by a Gentile culture, it would have been all but impossible to obey these dietary laws (compare Dan 1).

Quoted with permission from Bullard, Roger A. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on Tobit. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2001. For this and other handbooks for translators see here.