In the German New Testament translation by Berger / Nord (publ. 1999) it is translated colloquially as wie vernagelt or “obtuse” (in Mark 6:52 and 8:17).
While Moba has a rich metaphorical library using the concept of “heart” (pal) it follows very different paradigms compared to Greek, Hebrew and English concepts. The parallel expression of “hardened heart” means “courageous” or “encouraged” (see hearts burning) so in the 2008 Moba Yendu Kadapaaonn translation various constructs are used to translate “hardness of heart,” including “not willing to change one’s mind” (in Mark 3:5) or “make temptation into the heart” (John 12:40). (Source: Bedouma Joseph Kobaike in Le Sycomore 17/1, 2024, p. 3ff. )
The Greek that is translated as “to harden” or similar in English is translated in Mwera as “to become stubborn.” (Source: Pioneer Bible Translators, project-specific translation notes in Paratext)
Following are a number of back-translations of Hebrews 4:7:
Uma: “That’s why God determined/made-certain another day also, so that mankind [would] get rest with him. The day that he made-certain is today, relatives, on the day when we hear the voice of God. Because several hundred years after the prophet Musa, King Daud wrote the Word of God that we heard earlier that say: ‘Today, if you hear the voice of God, don’t any longer harden your hearts.'” (Source: Uma Back Translation)
Yakan: “We (dual) know this, because there is another day which God prearranged for people to enter. That day is called ‘This Day.’ Many years went by during the time of the people of old who did not believe, (when) Da’ud was caused by God to speak those words, he said, ‘When/if you hear God’s voice this day, don’t cause your livers to be hard.'” (Source: Yakan Back Translation)
Western Bukidnon Manobo: “The reason we know this is because there is still a time set by God when people will be able to enter in to the rest that He has prepared. For a long time after the time of those first people who didn’t believe, God inspired His word in King David and David said, ‘Today if you will listen to the word of God to you, it’s necessary that your breaths not become hard.'” (Source: Western Bukidnon Manobo Back Translation)
Kankanaey: “there is another time that God has given to people so they will have-opportunity to enter, and now/today is that time. We know that, because when those people long ago didn’t enter, many years passed-by, then God caused-David -to-write what I told a-little-earlier which says, ‘Today, if you hear God’s words, don’t harden your minds.'” (Source: Kankanaey Back Translation)
Tagbanwa: “Therefore, in the time of king David, even though a long time had gone by since the time of those people who couldn’t be included, God made known that there was still time during that time of David in which people could be included in his rest. The proof of that is, David mentioned the word ‘now/today’ in the words that God caused him to write which say, ‘Now/today, if you have heard what God is saying, hopefully don’t harden your heads.'” (Source: Tagbanwa Back Translation)
Tenango Otomi: “Until these days in which we live there hasn’t passed away the word God spoke to the people when he said: ‘Concerning this day,’ he said. In the past days God called the people there in the desert. Many many days later again God put in David’s mind the words which he wrote in the Holy Book which say: ‘Concerning this day, listen to the word God speaks to you. Do not reject the word God speaks now,’ he said.” (Source: Tenango Otomi Back Translation)
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Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way to do this is through the usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. When the referent is God, the “divine” honorific prefix mi- (御 or み) can be used, as in mi-koe (御声) or “voice (of God)” in the referenced verses. This is used specifically to refer to the “voice” of God or used in a reference of God saying something.
Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.
Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the choice of a formal plural suffix to the second person pronoun (“you” and its various forms) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. In these verses, anata-gata (あなたがた) is used, combining the second person pronoun anata and the plural suffix -gata to create a formal plural pronoun (“you” [plural] in English).
Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.
Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the usage of an honorific construction where the morpheme rare (られ) is affixed on the verb as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. This is particularly done with verbs that have God as the agent to show a deep sense of reverence. Here, kata-rare-ru (語られる) or “speak” is used.
Click or tap here to see the rest of this insight.
Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.
One way Japanese shows different degree of politeness is through the usage of an honorific construction where the morpheme are (され) is affixed on the verb as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017. This is particularly done with verbs that have God as the agent to show a deep sense of reverence. Here, iw-are-ru (言われる) or “say” is used.
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