priest

The Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek that are typically translated as “priest” in English (itself deriving from Latin “presbyter” — “elder”) is often translated with a consideration of existing religious traditions. (Click or tap for details)

Bratcher / Nida (1961) say this:

“However, rather than borrow local names for priests, some of which have unwanted connotations, a number of translations have employed descriptive phrases based on certain functions: (1) those describing a ceremonial activity: Pamona uses tadu, the priestess who recites the litanies in which she describes her journey to the upper or under-world to fetch life-spirit for sick people, animals or plants; Batak Toba uses the Arabic malim, ‘Muslim religious teacher;’ ‘one who presents man’s sacrifice to God’ (Bambara, Eastern Maninkakan), ‘one who presents sacrifices’ (Baoulé, Navajo (Dinė)), ‘one who takes the name of the sacrifice’ (Kpelle, and ‘to make a sacrifice go out’ (Hausa); (2) those describing an intermediary function: ‘one who speaks to God’ (Shipibo-Conibo) and ‘spokesman of the people before God’ (Tabasco Chontal).”

In Obolo it is translated as ogwu ngwugwa or “the one who offers sacrifice” (source: Enene Enene), in Mairasi as agam aevar nevwerai: “religious leader” (source: Enggavoter 2004), in Ignaciano as “blesser, one who does ritual as a practice” (using a generic term rather than the otherwise common Spanish loan word sacerdote) (source: Willis Ott in Notes on Translation 88/1982, p. 18ff.), and in Noongar as yakin-kooranyi or “holy worker” (source: Warda-Kwabba Luke-Ang).

For Guhu-Samane, Ernest Richert (in The Bible Translator, 1965, p. 81ff. ) reports this: “The [local] cult of Poro used to be an all-encompassing religious system that essentially governed all areas of life. (…) For ‘priest’ the term ‘poro father’ would at first seem to be a natural choice. However, several priests of the old cult are still living. Although they no longer function primarily as priests of the old system they still have a substantial influence on the community, and there would be more than a chance that the unqualified term would (in some contexts particularly) be equated with the priest of the poro cult. We learned, then, that the poro fathers would sometimes be called ‘knife men’ in relation to their sacrificial work. The panel was pleased to apply this term to the Jewish priest, and the Christian community has adopted it fully. [Mark 1:44, for instance, now] reads: ‘You must definitely not tell any man of this. But you go show your body to the knife man and do what Moses said about a sacrifice concerning your being healed, and the cause (base of this) will be apparent.'”

For a revision of the 1968 version of the Bible in Khmer Joseph Hong (in: The Bible Translator 1996, 233ff. ) talks about a change in wording for this term:

​​Bau cha r (បូជា‌ចារ្យ) — The use of this new construction meaning “priest” is maintained to translate the Greek word hiereus. The term “mean sang (មាន សង្ឃ)” used in the old version actually means a “Buddhist monk,” and is felt to be theologically misleading. The Khmer considers the Buddhist monk as a “paddy field of merits,” a reserve of merits to be shared with other people. So a Khmer reader would find unthinkable that the mean sang in the Bible killed animals, the gravest sin for a Buddhist; and what a scandal it would be to say that a mean sang was married, had children, and drank wine.

See also idolatrous priests.

Nehemiah

The Hebrew and Greek that is transliterated as “Nehemiah” in English is translated in Spanish Sign Language with the sign for “builder” referring to Nehemiah leading the effort to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. (Source: Steve Parkhurst)


“Nehemiah” in Spanish Sign Language, source: Sociedad Bíblica de España

For more information on translations of proper names with sign language see Sign Language Bible Translations Have Something to Say to Hearing Christians .

More information on Nehemiah .

Translation commentary on 2 Maccabees 1:23

And while the sacrifice was being consumed, the priests offered prayerthe priests and every one. Jonathan led, and the rest responded, as did Nehemiah: Good News Bible translates the connector And as “Then” to introduce the next event. Translators need to use the most natural connector in their language. For while the sacrifice was being consumed, Good News Bible‘s model is helpful for translators who do not have a passive voice in their language. It is better to place the clause the priests offered prayerthe priests and every one later in the verse (so Good News Bible, Contemporary English Version; see also the model below). Good News Bible identifies Jonathan as “the High Priest,” while Contemporary English Version says he is “a priest.” But this is not said in the Greek text and it is far from certain. The High Priest at the time of Nehemiah was Eliashib (Neh 3.1; 13.4). In Neh 12.11 a Jonathan is mentioned as being in the family line of High Priests, and while it is possible that the letter writer is thinking of this person, it is not clear. So far as we know, the High Priest did not lead in the kind of prayers involved here. This would be done by the Temple singers (Goldstein). Jonathan was a common name. It is better to leave him unidentified here (as the letter writer does) than to raise unnecessary problems. We could translate “a man named Jonathan.” Jonathan led, and the rest responded probably means Jonathan sang or chanted a line of the prayer, and everyone else then repeated it.

The following may serve as a model for this verse:

• Then, while the fire was consuming the sacrifice, a man named Jonathan led the priests and everyone else in prayer. Nehemiah and all the people would repeat the words as Jonathan sang them [or, while Jonathan was singing them].

Quoted with permission from Bullard, Roger A. and Hatton, Howard A. A Handbook on 1-2 Maccabees. (UBS Helps for Translators). New York: UBS, 2011. For this and other handbooks for translators see here.