Japanese honorifics (Genesis 24:51)

Like a number of other East Asian languages, Japanese uses a complex system of honorifics, i.e. a system where a number of different levels of politeness are expressed in language via words, word forms or grammatical constructs. These can range from addressing someone or referring to someone with contempt (very informal) to expressing the highest level of reference (as used in addressing or referring to God) or any number of levels in-between.

One way to do this is through the usage of appropriate suffix title referred to as keishō (敬称) as shown here in the widely-used Japanese Shinkaiyaku (新改訳) Bible of 2017 by either using -san or –sama with the latter being the more formal title. In these verses, the Hebrew that is translated as “son” in English is translated in the Shinkaiyaku Bible as musuko-san (息子さん), combining the word for “son” (musuko) and the suffix title –san. Also, go-shujin (ご主人) “master” or “lord” is the combination of the nominal title shujin “master” and the honorific prefix go-.

Other uses of honorifics in this verse include:

  • The choice of a benefactive construction. Here, goran (ご覧) or “see/behold/look” is used in combination with kudasaru (くださる), a respectful form of the benefactive kureru (くれる) and otsure (お連れ) or “bring” is used in combination with kudasaru (くださる), a respectful form of the benefactive kureru (くれる), are used. A benefactive reflects the good will of the giver or the gratitude of a recipient of the favor. To convey this connotation, English translation needs to employ a phrase such as “for me (my sake)” or “for you (your sake).”
  • The usage (or a lack) of an honorific prefix. When the referent is God or a person or persons to be greatly honored, the honorific prefix go- (御 or ご) can be used, as in go-ran (ご覧), a combination of “behold / see” (ran) and the honorific prefix go-.

(Source: S. E. Doi, see also S. E. Doi in Journal of Translation, 18/2022, p. 37ff. )

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